The brain is an amazing electrochemical organ with over 10 billion interconnected nerve cells capable of generating as much as 10 watts of electrical power.  The electrical activity of the brain is manifested in the form of brainwaves.  There are four primary categories of brainwaves, each with its own specific function and level of activity.  When actively engaged in mental activity, it generates "Beta" waves.  Beta waves are somewhat low in amplitude and are the fastest (cycles per second) of the four basis states.  Their frequencies range from 15 to 40 cycles per second.  Active conversation is typically a Beta function.

"Alpha" waves are somewhat slower and are associated with periods of non-arousal.  A slower frequency of 9 to 14 cycles per second is typical with a higher amplitude.  Short meditations, a break from work, or a relaxing walk produces Alpha waves.  The earth's own magnetic resonant frequency also know as the "Schuman Resonance" is entrained within the Alpha state.  The earths harmonic resonance has been measured at approximately 8 cycles per second (8 Hz.)

When a person who takes a break from work and begins to daydream is often entering a "Theta" state.  Occasionally we may experience a laps of time when driving on long trips and can’t remember the last few miles.  This is another example of Theta brainwaves at work.  The frequencies range from 3 to 7 Hz and have even greater amplitude.  Theta states are beneficial for creative free-flowing ideas.  Whenever we find ourselves lost in automatic tasks like jogging, taking a shower, or walking the dog we tend to free ourselves of the task allowing our mind to produce a variety of uncensored thought patterns.  Theta waves are associated with the "rapid eye movement" (REM) sleep, or when dreaming.  Theta waves are linked to creative and artistic tasks and reflect a mind that is open to visualization.

"Delta" is the final brainwave state and has the greatest amplitude with the slowest frequency.  1.5 to 4 cycles per second are characteristic of deep relaxation with the slowest waves associated with dreamless sleep.  We dream in 90-minute cycles as the brainwaves move between delta and theta.  As we awake, our brainwaves move from delta through theta, alpha and finally to beta, unless we hit the snooze button on our alarm clocks.  Occasionally as we drop back toward delta for that final few minutes of sleep we will stay in the theta state for several minutes.  It is at this state that we may experience free-flowing ideas about our day ahead or problem solving from yesterdays activities.  This is a very productive time and can have beneficial impact on the rest of our day's activity.

Although one brainwave state will actively dominate brain functions at any given time, the remaining brainwaves remain active to a lesser degree and are always present.  It is highly beneficial to learn to recognize these states and to further develop the ability to change your dominant brainwave to suit your specific activities.

  Altered States

Listening to binaural beats can produce subjective responses from complete relaxation to inspiring, motivating, and stimulating relative to the desired frequencies of the beats.  Binaural beats are used as an aid for sleeping disorders (Delta 1.5-4 Hz) and Theta waves (3-7 Hz) can induce highly creative states as well as relaxed meditative states of consciousness.  Alpha waves (9-14 HZ) are often experienced by those who practice meditation, yoga, and tai chi.  Focused concentration with a still inner center is a primary state of consciousness when Alpha waves are present.  Our normal waking state falls within the Beta (14-40 Hz) frequencies.  External stimulus such as filing, computing, and directing others will fall within the lower beta frequencies.  Moments of stress and anxiety requiring fast problem solving skills fall into the higher frequencies of Beta.

While listening to binaural rhythms alone may not instantly thrust you into altered states of consciousness, they provide a strong foundation to support an individuals personal intent.  There are a number of factors which can influence the success of entrainment techniques.  Primary is the willingness of the listener to focus their attention and to relax into meditation.  Our state of consciousness will experience occasional changes as characterized by ultradian rhythms in the nervous system.

It is known that the human mind continues to work in spite of reduced activity under anesthesia.  The brainwaves were nearly absent while the mind continued to be as active as if it were in the waking state.  Researchers have reported awareness in comatose patients suggesting that maintaining conscious awareness is possible while cortical arousal is reduced.  This state of consciousness includes meditative, trance, altered, hypnogogic, hypnotic, and twilight-learning states and are marked by parasympathetic dominance.   The ability to achieve these states can be natural or can be a learned skill.

Because "consciousness" cannot be objectively measured with instruments, it is considered to be a field phenomenon, which provides a link between the neurological structures of the brain and the body.  The relative proportion of EEG frequencies measured from the brain can provide an estimate of the state of consciousness, but is not dogmatic.  One can assume that specific dominant brain waves can be reasonably associated with particular states of consciousness.

"Mental fatigue" occurs when the brain maintains extended periods in the Beta state.  The resulting process which transports chemicals in and out of the brain, (osmosis) can leave the ratio between sodium and potassium out of balance.  This ratio can be restored to "normal" by maintaining a Theta state for five to ten minutes.  A short break can quickly balance your sodium/potassium ratios leaving you mentally refreshed.

For centuries music has been used to heal.  Many cultures have developed sounds and techniques which are still practiced today.  Eastern traditions used bells, flutes, drums and bowls in their meditations.  Gorgonian chants are still popular for relaxation techniques as is spiritual and aboriginal drumming.   Sales of devotional, classical, and new age music have steadily increased as their links to spiritual and physical healing becomes better understood.   About 100 years ago the Western cultures began to look at music as entertainment only and turned their healing focus toward chemical medicines.  Fortunately a great number of practitioners are once again adding music therapies to their regiment of healing tools.

Vibration and sound energies are used by mainstream physicians, practitioners, and healers to produce changes in automatic immune, and endocrine systems.    There are certain frequencies (notes) that have a resonating effect on the various organs in the body.  When we are "in tune" our bodies vibrate at a fundamental frequency of 8 cycles per second, or at the same frequency of the earth's electromagnetic field.

As humans we can hear sounds between 20 and 20,000 cycles per second.  Sounds below 20 Hz can be perceived through kinesthetic transmission of your skin and bones.  At the other end, very high frequencies are perceived as color.  Steven Halpern (Sound Health) offered an excellent paradigm.
"...vibrations at 1000 cycles per second are easily audible.  If you double the vibrations to 2000 cycles per second, that is one octave higher.  If you double it again to 4000 cycles per second, that is another octave.  A normal piano spans a bit more than seven octaves.  If, hypothetically, we could extend the piano keyboard another 35 to 50 octaves higher, the keys at the higher end would produce colors, rather than audible sounds, when played."

Both sound and color are frequencies that we perceive and experience, and both have effect on our energy centers.  There are seven energy centers in your body, called charkas.  They are like spinning wheels of electromagnetic energy that reflect our emotional, psychological and spiritual well-being.  Each chakra represents different aspects of our life energy and consciousness, and each chakra is associated with a specific color, musical note, and element.  I have included this section because a basic understanding of the charkas can add yet another dimension of possibilities for the application of binaural beat entrainment technologies.  The chart below illustrates the association of  colors, notes and charkas.

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